Effect of micro-CT acquisition parameters and individual analysis on the assessment of bone repair.

This study aimed to investigate whether two acquisition parameters, voxel size and filter thickness, used in a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan, together with the examiner's experience, influence the outcome of bone repair analysis in an experimental model. Bone defects were created in rat tibiae and scanned using two voxel sizes of 6- or 12-µm and two aluminum filter thickness of 0.5- or 1-mm. Then, bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) were analyzed twice by two groups of operators: experienced and inexperienced examiners. For BV/TV, no significant differences were found between scanning voxel sizes of 6 and 12 µm for the experienced examiners; however, for the inexperienced examiners, the analysis performed using a 12-µm voxel size resulted in higher BV/TV values (32.4 and 32.9) than those acquired using a 6-µm voxel size (25.4 and 24.8) (p < 0.05). For Tb.Th, no significant differences between the analyses performed by experienced and inexperienced groups were observed when using the 6-µm voxel size. However, inexperienced examiners' analysis revealed higher Tb.Th values when using the 12-µm voxel size compared with 6 µm (0.05 vs. 0.03, p < 0.05). Filter thickness had no influence on the results of any group. In conclusion, voxel size and operator experience affected the measured Tb.Th and BV/TV of a region with new bone formation. Operator experience in micro-CT analysis is more critical for BV/TV than for Tb.Th, whereas voxel size significantly affects Tb.Th evaluation. Operators in the initial phases of research training should be calibrated for bone assessments.

Definition of the Region of Interest for the Assessment of Alveolar Bone Repair Using Micro-computed Tomography.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the extraction socket (distal or lingual root) and the type of region of interest (ROI) definition (manual or predefined) on the assessment of alveolar repair following tooth extraction using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The software package used for scanning, reconstruction, reorientation, and analysis of images (NRecon®, DataViewer®, CT-Analyzer®) was acquired through Bruker < https://www.bruker.com > . The sample comprised the micro-CT volumes of seven Wistar rat mandibles, in which the right first molar was extracted. The reconstructed images were analyzed using the extraction sockets, i.e., the distal and intermediate lingual root and the method of ROI definition: manual (MA), central round (CR), and peripheral round (PR). The bone volume fraction (BV/TV) values obtained were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (α = 5%). The distal extraction socket resulted in significantly lower BV/TV values than the intermediate lingual socket for MA (P = 0.001), CR (P < 0.001), and PR (P < 0.001). Regarding the ROI, when evaluating the distal extraction socket, the BV/TV was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for MA than for CR and PR, with a lower BV/TV for CR. However, no significant difference was observed for MA (P = 0.855), CR (P = 0.769), or PR (P = 0.453) in the intermediate lingual extraction socket. The bone neoformation outcome (BV/TV) for alveolar bone repair after tooth extraction is significantly influenced by the ROI and the extraction socket. Using the predefined method with a standardized ROI in the central region of the distal extraction socket resulted in the assessment of bone volume, demonstrating the most critical region of the bone neoformation process.

Effect of micro-CT acquisition parameters and individual analysis on the assessment of bone repair

Abstract This study aimed to investigate whether two acquisition parameters, voxel size and filter thickness, used in a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan, together with the examiner's experience, influence the outcome of bone repair analysis in an experimental model. Bone defects were created in rat tibiae and scanned using two voxel sizes of 6- or 12-µm and two aluminum filter thickness of 0.5- or 1-mm. Then, bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) were analyzed twice by two groups of operators: experienced and inexperienced examiners. For BV/TV, no significant differences were found between scanning voxel sizes of 6 and 12 µm for the experienced examiners; however, for the inexperienced examiners, the analysis performed using a 12-µm voxel size resulted in higher BV/TV values (32.4 and 32.9) than those acquired using a 6-µm voxel size (25.4 and 24.8) (p < 0.05). For Tb.Th, no significant differences between the analyses performed by experienced and inexperienced groups were observed when using the 6-µm voxel size. However, inexperienced examiners' analysis revealed higher Tb.Th values when using the 12-µm voxel size compared with 6 µm (0.05 vs. 0.03, p < 0.05). Filter thickness had no influence on the results of any group. In conclusion, voxel size and operator experience affected the measured Tb.Th and BV/TV of a region with new bone formation. Operator experience in micro-CT analysis is more critical for BV/TV than for Tb.Th, whereas voxel size significantly affects Tb.Th evaluation. Operators in the initial phases of research training should be calibrated for bone assessments.

Use of platelet-rich fibrin for bone repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.

This systematic review evaluated the potential utility of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in bone repair in animals. The question is: can the use of PRF in bone defects in healthy rats induce bone repair compared to clot? This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Prisma). The protocol was registered with Prospero (CRD [42020162319]). The literature search involved nine databases, including grey literature. All studies evaluated the bone defects created in rats filled with PRF and clots (control). Biomaterial evaluation was also performed in this study. The risk of bias was assessed using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (Syrcle) tool for animal studies. A meta-analysis of quantitative data was performed to estimate the effect of PRF on bone repair in rats. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. The literature search retrieved 685 studies, 10 of which fulfilled the eligibility criteria, and 4 were included in the quantitative assessment. Analysis of the risk of bias revealed that most studies had a high risk of bias in performance and detection. Meta-analysis yielded divergent results and the absence of a statistically significant effect: PRF with control (standardized mean difference 2.54, 95% confidence interval -0.80-5.89; p = 0.14). In general, study heterogeneity was high (I2 ≥ 75.0%). The quality of the studies that influenced the conclusion of the review was based on the PICO, the sources and form of the search, the study selection criteria, the form of evaluation of publication bias, the evaluation of the quality of the studies, and data extraction by two researchers. PRF did not provide significant benefits for bone repair, resulting in unpredictable effects.

Effect of data binning and frame averaging for micro-CT image acquisition on the morphometric outcome of bone repair assessment.

Despite the current advances in micro-CT analysis, the influence of some image acquisition parameters on the morphometric assessment outcome have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine whether data binning and frame averaging affect the morphometric outcome of bone repair assessment using micro-CT. Four Wistar rats' tibiae with a surgically created bone defect were imaged with micro-CT six times each, frame averaging set to 1 and 2, and data binning set to 1, 2 and 4, for each of the averaging values. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni tests assessed the significance of frame averaging and data binning on a set of morphometric parameters assessed in the image volumes (p < 0.01). The effect of frame averaging was not significant for any of the assessed parameters. Increased data binning led to larger trabecular thickness. In contrast, smaller bone volume fraction and bone volume were found as data binning increased. Trabeculae number and trabecular separation were not influenced by any of the parameters. In conclusion, the morphometric outcome of bone repair assessment in micro-CT demonstrated dependency upon data binning, but not frame averaging. Therefore, image acquisition of small anatomical structures (e.g., rat trabeculae) should be performed without data binning.

Ozone disinfection for viruses with applications in healthcare environments: a scoping review.

The aim of this scoping review was to provide sufficient information about the effectiveness of ozone gas in virus inactivation of surfaces and objects under different environmental conditions. The review was performed according to the list of PRISMA SrC recommendations and the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis for Scoping Reviews. The review was registered in Open Science Framework (OSF). EMBASE (Ovid), Lilacs, LIVIVO, MEDLINE (PubMed), SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science were primary sources, and "gray literature" was searched in OpenGray and OpenThesis. A study was included if it reported primary data on the effect of ozone gas application for vehicle-borne and airborne virus inactivation. No language or publication date restriction was applied. The search was conduct on July 1, 2020. A total of 16,120 studies were screened, and after exclusion of noneligible studies, fifteen studies fulfilled all selection criteria. Application of ozone gas varied in terms of concentration, ozone exposure period and the devices used to generate ozone gas. Twelve studies showed positive results for inactivation of different virus types, including bacteriophages, SARS-CoV-2 surrogates and other vehicle-borne viruses. Most of the studies were classified as unclear regarding sponsorship status. Although most of the population has not yet been vaccinated against COVID-19, disinfection of environments, surfaces, and objects is an essential prevention strategy to control the spread of this disease. The results of this Scoping Review demonstrate that ozone gas is promising for viral disinfection of surfaces.

Use of platelet-rich fibrin for bone repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies

Abstract This systematic review evaluated the potential utility of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in bone repair in animals. The question is: can the use of PRF in bone defects in healthy rats induce bone repair compared to clot? This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Prisma). The protocol was registered with Prospero (CRD [42020162319]). The literature search involved nine databases, including grey literature. All studies evaluated the bone defects created in rats filled with PRF and clots (control). Biomaterial evaluation was also performed in this study. The risk of bias was assessed using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (Syrcle) tool for animal studies. A meta-analysis of quantitative data was performed to estimate the effect of PRF on bone repair in rats. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. The literature search retrieved 685 studies, 10 of which fulfilled the eligibility criteria, and 4 were included in the quantitative assessment. Analysis of the risk of bias revealed that most studies had a high risk of bias in performance and detection. Meta-analysis yielded divergent results and the absence of a statistically significant effect: PRF with control (standardized mean difference 2.54, 95% confidence interval -0.80-5.89; p = 0.14). In general, study heterogeneity was high (I2 ≥ 75.0%). The quality of the studies that influenced the conclusion of the review was based on the PICO, the sources and form of the search, the study selection criteria, the form of evaluation of publication bias, the evaluation of the quality of the studies, and data extraction by two researchers. PRF did not provide significant benefits for bone repair, resulting in unpredictable effects.

Ozone disinfection for viruses with applications in healthcare environments: a scoping review

Abstract The aim of this scoping review was to provide sufficient information about the effectiveness of ozone gas in virus inactivation of surfaces and objects under different environmental conditions. The review was performed according to the list of PRISMA SrC recommendations and the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis for Scoping Reviews. The review was registered in Open Science Framework (OSF). EMBASE (Ovid), Lilacs, LIVIVO, MEDLINE (PubMed), SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science were primary sources, and "gray literature" was searched in OpenGray and OpenThesis. A study was included if it reported primary data on the effect of ozone gas application for vehicle-borne and airborne virus inactivation. No language or publication date restriction was applied. The search was conduct on July 1, 2020. A total of 16,120 studies were screened, and after exclusion of noneligible studies, fifteen studies fulfilled all selection criteria. Application of ozone gas varied in terms of concentration, ozone exposure period and the devices used to generate ozone gas. Twelve studies showed positive results for inactivation of different virus types, including bacteriophages, SARS-CoV-2 surrogates and other vehicle-borne viruses. Most of the studies were classified as unclear regarding sponsorship status. Although most of the population has not yet been vaccinated against COVID-19, disinfection of environments, surfaces, and objects is an essential prevention strategy to control the spread of this disease. The results of this Scoping Review demonstrate that ozone gas is promising for viral disinfection of surfaces.

Cortical Bone Modifications after Radiotherapy: Cortex Porosity and Osteonal Changes Evaluated Over Time.

Aiming to evaluate cortical bone microarchitecture and osteonal morphology after irradiation, twelve male New Zealand rabbits were used. The animals were divided: control group (no radiation-NIr); and 3 irradiated groups, sacrificed after: 7 (Ir7d); 14 (Ir14d) and 21 (Ir21d) days. A single radiation dose of 30 Gy was used. Computed microtomography analyzed the cortical microarchitecture: cortical thickness (CtTh), bone volume (BV), total porosity (Ct.Po), intracortical porosity (CtPo-cl), channel/pore number (Po.N), fractal dimension (FD) and degree of anisotropy (Ct.DA). After scan, osteonal morphology was histologically assessed by means: area and perimeter of the osteons (O.Ar; O.p) and of the Haversian canals (C.Ar; C.p). Microtomographic analysis were performed by ANOVA, followed by Tukey and Dunnet tests. Osteon morphology analyses were performed by Kruskal-Wallis, and test Dunn's. Cortical thickness was significant difference (p<0.010) between the NIr and irradiated groups, with thicker cortex at Ir7d (1.15±0.09). The intracortical porosity revealed significant difference (p<0.001) between irradiated groups and NIr, with lower value for Ir7d (0.29±0.09). Bone volume was lower in Ir14d compared to control. Area and perimeter of the osteons were statistically different (p<0.0001) between NIr and Ir7d. Haversian canals also revealed lower values (p<0.0001) in Ir7d (80.57±9.3; 31.63±6.5) compared to NIr and irradiated groups. Cortical microarchitecture was affected by radiation, and the effects appear to be time-dependent, mostly regarding the osteons morphology at the initial days. Cortex structure in Ir21d revealed similarities to control suggesting that microarchitecture resembles normal condition after a period.

Influence of bone defect position and span in 3-point bending tests: experimental and finite element analysis

Abstract: Three-point bending test is the most common mechanical test used for quantifying the biomechanical quality of bone tissue and bone healing in small animals. However, there is a lack of standardization for evaluation of bone repair by cortical perforation. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of bone defect position in the proximal metaphysis of rat tibias during load application and different span configuration on the three-point bending test outcomes. Cortical defects with 1.6 mm diameter were created at a standardized location on the medial surface of 60 tibias of male Wistar rats. The animals were euthanized 7 days after surgery. Five specimens were used to create 3D models for finite element analysis using high-resolution micro-CT images. Two spans (6 and 10mm) and three positions of the bone defect in relation to the load application (upward, frontal and downward) were evaluated experimentally (n = 10) and in finite element analysis (n = 5). Maximum load (N) and stiffness (N/mm) were statistically analyzed with 2-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). The results demonstrated that span and orientation of the bone defect significantly influenced the fracture pattern, stress distribution and force versus displacement relation. Therefore, reliable outcome can be achieved creating the bone defect at 8 mm from the extremity of the proximal epiphysis; placing a 10 mm distance span and downward facing defect position to allow a better distribution of stress and more fracture patterns that reached the bone defect target area with less intra-group variability.

Influence of bone defect position and span in 3-point bending tests: experimental and finite element analysis.

Three-point bending test is the most common mechanical test used for quantifying the biomechanical quality of bone tissue and bone healing in small animals. However, there is a lack of standardization for evaluation of bone repair by cortical perforation. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of bone defect position in the proximal metaphysis of rat tibias during load application and different span configuration on the three-point bending test outcomes. Cortical defects with 1.6 mm diameter were created at a standardized location on the medial surface of 60 tibias of male Wistar rats. The animals were euthanized 7 days after surgery. Five specimens were used to create 3D models for finite element analysis using high-resolution micro-CT images. Two spans (6 and 10mm) and three positions of the bone defect in relation to the load application (upward, frontal and downward) were evaluated experimentally (n = 10) and in finite element analysis (n = 5). Maximum load (N) and stiffness (N/mm) were statistically analyzed with 2-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). The results demonstrated that span and orientation of the bone defect significantly influenced the fracture pattern, stress distribution and force versus displacement relation. Therefore, reliable outcome can be achieved creating the bone defect at 8 mm from the extremity of the proximal epiphysis; placing a 10 mm distance span and downward facing defect position to allow a better distribution of stress and more fracture patterns that reached the bone defect target area with less intra-group variability.

Effects of ionizing radiation on woven bone: influence on the osteocyte lacunar network, collagen maturation, and microarchitecture.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation on microarchitecture, the osteocyte lacunar network, and collagen maturity in a bone repair site. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bone defects were created on tibias of 20 New Zealand rabbits. After 2 weeks, the animals were randomly divided into (n = 10) NoIr (nonirradiated group) and Ir (irradiated group). In the Ir, the animals received single-dose irradiation of 30 Gy on the tibia and were euthanized after 2 weeks. Bone microarchitecture parameters were analyzed by using micro-CT, and the osteocyte lacunar network, bone matrix, and collagen maturation by histomorphometric analysis. The data were analyzed using unpaired Student's t test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Trabecular thickness in Ir was lower than that in NoIr (P = 0.028). No difference was found for bone volume fraction and bone area. Lacunae filled with osteocytes were more numerous (P < 0.0001) in NoIr (2.6 ± 0.6) than in Ir (1.97 ± 0.53). Empty lacunae were more prevalent (P < 0.003) in Ir (0.14 ± 0.10) than in NoIr (0.1 ± 0.1). The mean osteocyte lacunae size was higher (P < 0.01) in Ir (15.4 ± 4.41) than in NoIr (12.7 ± 3.7). Picrosirius red analysis showed more (P < 0.05) mature collagen in NoIr (29.0 ± 5.3) than in Ir (23.4 ± 4.5). Immature collagen quantification revealed no difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ionizing radiation compromised bone formation and an impairment in bone repair in irradiated woven bone was observed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Before radiotherapy, patients usually need surgical intervention, which may be better performed, if clinicians understand the repair process in irradiated bone, using novel approaches for treating these individuals.

The effect of a 3% hydroxyapatite paste prophylaxis after different root-scaling procedures in periodontics / Efeito da profilaxia com pasta de hidroxiapatita 3% após diferentes procedimentos de raspagem radicular na periodontia

Abstract Introduction Root-scaling procedures on the root surface show to increase root surface roughness during instrumentation. The use of a prophylactic paste reduces the roughness. Objetive This study evaluated the influence of prophylaxis paste on the surface roughness of root dentin after hand instruments (HI), ultrasonic scalers (US) and rotational instruments (RI) were applied to root surfaces. Material and method Fifty bovine roots were prepared and randomly divided into 10 groups (n=5) in which instrumentation with HI, US, or RI was carried out with or without prophylaxis using either conventional or 3% hydroxyapatite paste; additionally, a control group without treatment was included. The Ra and Rz roughness values were measured using a perfilometer. The morphological aspects of the root surfaces were analysed qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Result The scaling method and the prophylaxis procedure significantly influenced (p < 0.05) root surface roughness. Treatment with US and prophylaxis with 3% hydroxyapatite paste resulted in lower values ​​of Ra (0.14 µm ± 0.02 µm) and Rz (0.89 µm ± 0.18 µm) compared to the other groups. SEM analysis showed smoother and more homogeneous surfaces in the groups with prophylaxis compared to the groups without prophylaxis. There were no substantial differences between the results of applying different pastes. Conclusion The prophylaxis procedure performed with the experimental paste containing 3% hydroxyapatite reduced the roughness of root surfaces treated with HI, US and RI at the same level as the conventional prophylactic paste.

Resumo Introdução Procedimentos de raspagem na superfície radicular aumentam a rugosidade superficial durante a instrumentação. O uso de pasta profilática pode reduzir a rugosidade. Objetivo Este estudo avaliou a influência da profilaxia com pasta na rugosidade superficial da dentina radicular após instrumentação manual (IH), ultrassom (US) e instrumentos rotatórios (IR) aplicados em superfícies radiculares. Material e método Cinquenta raízes bovinas foram preparadas e divididas aleatoriamente em 10 grupos (n = 5) nos quais a instrumentação com HI, US ou RI foi realizada com ou sem profilaxia usando pasta convencional ou hidroxiapatita a 3%; adicionalmente, um grupo controle sem tratamento foi incluído. As rugosidades de Ra e Rz foram medidas por um perfilômetro. Os aspectos morfológicos das superfícies radiculares foram analisados ​​qualitativamente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados foram analisados ​​por meio de ANOVA de dois fatores, seguido pelo teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Resultado O método de raspagem e o procedimento de profilaxia influenciaram significativamente (p <0,05) a rugosidade da superfície radicular. O tratamento com US e a profilaxia com pasta de hidroxiapatita ao 3% resultaram em menores valores de Ra (0,14 µm ± 0,02 µm) e Rz (0,89 µm ± 0,18 µm) em relação aos demais grupos. A análise por MEV mostrou superfícies mais lisas e mais homogêneas nos grupos com profilaxia em comparação aos grupos sem profilaxia. Não houve diferenças substanciais entre os resultados da aplicação das diferentes pastas. Conclusão O procedimento de profilaxia realizado com a pasta experimental contendo 3% de hidroxiapatita reduziu a rugosidade das superfícies radiculares tratadas com HI, US e RI no mesmo nível da pasta profilática convencional.

Periodontal therapy for patients before and after adiotherapy: A review of the literature and topics of interest for clinicians

BACKGROUND: This article aims to demonstrate the importance of the TMJ (Temporomandibular Joint) decompression in the treatment of degenerative processes and disc displacements, reporting two clinical cases treated with orthopedic and decompressive correction of TMJ. Material and METHODS: The studies reported in this article show patients with muscle and joint pain who were evaluated pre and post-treatment through MRI (Magnetic Resonance Irradiation) to follow-up bone marrow regeneration and TMJ disc placement. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), measurement equipment and IO (Intraoral Orthotic) were used to evaluate and treat the patients. A critical review of literature has also been conducted to confront clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Marrow bone regeneration and disc placement were observed in both patients. CONCLUSIONS: The use of measurement equipment associated with TENS to find the correct rest position of the Jaw an the use of IO to decompress the TMJ was an effective way to promote bone marrow regeneration and disc placement, consequently improving function and quality of life

Use of Micro-Computed Tomography for Bone Evaluation in Dentistry.

Micro computed tomography (µCT) follows the same principle of computed-tomography used for patients, however providing higher-resolution. Using a non-destructive approach, samples can be scanned, and each section obtained is used to build a volume using tridimensional reconstruction. For bone analysis, it is possible to obtain information about the tissue's microarchitecture and composition. According to the characteristics of the bone sample (e.g. human or animal origin, long or irregular shape, epiphysis or diaphysis region) the pre-scanning parameters must be defined. The resolution (i.e. voxel size) should be chosen taking into account the features that will be evaluated, and the necessity to identify inner structures (e.g. bone channels and osteocyte lacunae). The region of interest should be delimited, and the threshold that defines the bone tissue set in order to proceed with binarization to separate the voxels representing bone from the other structures (channels, resorption areas, and medullary space). Cancellous bone is evaluated by means of the trabeculae characteristics and their connectivity. The cortex is evaluated in relation to the thickness and porosity. Bone mineral density can also be measured, by the amount of hydroxyapatite. Other parameters such as structure-model-index, anisotropy, and fractal dimension can be assessed. In conclusion, intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of bone quality can be assessed by µCT. In dentistry, this method can be used for evaluating bone loss, alterations in bone metabolism, or the effects of using drugs that impair bone remodeling, and also to assess the success rate of bone repair or surgical procedures.

Use of micro-computed tomography for bone evaluation in dentistry

Abstract Micro computed tomography (µCT) follows the same principle of computed-tomography used for patients, however providing higher-resolution. Using a non-destructive approach, samples can be scanned, and each section obtained is used to build a volume using tridimensional reconstruction. For bone analysis, it is possible to obtain information about the tissue's microarchitecture and composition. According to the characteristics of the bone sample (e.g. human or animal origin, long or irregular shape, epiphysis or diaphysis region) the pre-scanning parameters must be defined. The resolution (i.e. voxel size) should be chosen taking into account the features that will be evaluated, and the necessity to identify inner structures (e.g. bone channels and osteocyte lacunae). The region of interest should be delimited, and the threshold that defines the bone tissue set in order to proceed with binarization to separate the voxels representing bone from the other structures (channels, resorption areas, and medullary space). Cancellous bone is evaluated by means of the trabeculae characteristics and their connectivity. The cortex is evaluated in relation to the thickness and porosity. Bone mineral density can also be measured, by the amount of hydroxyapatite. Other parameters such as structure-model-index, anisotropy, and fractal dimension can be assessed. In conclusion, intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of bone quality can be assessed by µCT. In dentistry, this method can be used for evaluating bone loss, alterations in bone metabolism, or the effects of using drugs that impair bone remodeling, and also to assess the success rate of bone repair or surgical procedures.

Resumo A microtomografia computadorizada segue o mesmo princípio da tomografia computadorizada utilizada para avaliação dos pacientes, mas neste caso, é empregada para pequenas amostras com alta resolução. De forma não destrutiva, as amostras podem ser escaneadas, e cada fatia obtida é organizada de forma seriada para formar um volume tridimensional (3D). Para análise óssea, é possível obter informações de microarquitetura e composição mineral, permitindo avaliação distinta entre diferentes sítios. De acordo com as características de cada amostra óssea, como amostras de humanos, animais, ossos longos ou achatados, epífise ou diáfise, etc, devem ser definidos os parâmetros pré-escaneamento com a resolução desejada, levando em consideração quais informações serão extraídas da avaliação. Depois do escaneamento e da reconstrução, deve-se proceder com a seleção da região de interesse (ROI), e depois seguir com o processo de binarização, que se caracteriza pela escolha de um limiar que define os voxels que compõem a região de osso e àqueles que compõem a região dos buracos (canais, áreas de reabsorção e espaço medular). No osso trabecular e no reparo os parâmetros avaliados se baseiam nas características das trabéculas e sua conectividade. No osso cortical os parâmetros estão relacionados com a espessura e porosidade. Além dos parâmetros de microarquitetura, também é possível avaliar a densidade mineral óssea, calculada por volume de hidroxiapatita. Outros parâmetros também podem ser mensurados, utilizando técnicas computacionais como a análise de textura. Parâmetros intrínsecos e extrínsecos da qualidade óssea podem ser avaliados pela microtomografia computadorizada. Na odontologia, este método pode ser empregado em estudos que objetivem avaliar doenças, alterações metabólicas e medicamentos com repercussão no metabolismo ósseo, e na avaliação do processo de reparo e de técnicas cirúrgicas.

Substitutos ósseos sintéticos na Implantodontia / Synthetic bone substitutes for Implant Dentistry ­ a literature review

Objetivo: analisar sistematicamente, na literatura científica, o uso de substitutos ósseos sintéticos na regeneração óssea para Implantodontia. Material e métodos: uma busca foi realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS e SciELO, nos últimos quinze anos, combinando as palavras-chave "regeneração óssea", "materiais biocompatíveis", "implantes dentários", e "materiais aloplásticos". Resultados: Dos 199 artigos inicialmente recuperados, apenas 27 foram selecionados, incluindo revisões sistemáticas/ metanálises (n=2), revisões da literatura (n=1), estudos clínicos (n=9) e pré-clínicos (n=12), relato de caso (n=1) e tese (n=1). Nos modelos animais, o vidro bioativo é capaz de provocar formação óssea à distância, inibir a migração apical do epitélio juncional, e gerar maior deposição de cemento na superfície radicular. Partículas esféricas geram melhor dissolução e integração com o novo osso circundante, e bons resultados são vistos nas técnicas de ROG e RTG. Em um estudo clínico randomizado, o vidro bioativo misturado ao osso autógeno para regeneração de defeitos intraósseos reduziu significativamente a profundidade de sondagem, com ganho de nível clínico de inserção, e resolução dos defeitos já aos seis meses. Nos modelos animais, a tríade hidroxiapatita (HA), beta-fosfato tricálcio (ß-TCP), e fosfato de cálcio bifásico (HA+ ß-TCP) tem se mostrado biocompatível, biorreabsorvível e osteocondutora. Um estudo clínico controlado com HA+ ß-TCP/ membrana revelou melhor preservação óssea vertical e horizontal comparado ao coágulo/membrana, nas TCFCs de seis meses. Regenerações ósseas verticais significativas com estes materiais sintéticos são potencializadas pelo uso dos fatores de crescimento. Conclusão: substitutos ósseos sintéticos demonstram uso promissor para regeneração. Entretanto, a evidência clínica deve ser substancialmente aumentada.

Objective: to systematically analyze in the scientifi c literature the use of synthetic bone substitutes for bone regeneration in implant dentistry. Material and methods: a search was conducted at the PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS and SciELO databases considering the last fi fteen years, and combining the keywords "bone regeneration", "biocompatible materials", "dental implants", and "alloplastic materials". Results: of the 199 articles initially retrieved, only 27 were selected, including systematic reviews/meta-analysis (n=2), literature reviews (n=1), clinical (n=9) and pre-clinical (n=12) studies, case report (n=1) and thesis (n=1). In animal models, the bioactive glass can cause bone formation at distance, inhibit apical migration of the junctional epithelium, and generate greater deposition of cementum over the root surface. Spherical particles generate better dissolution and integration with the new surrounding bone, and good results are seen in the ROG and RTG techniques. In a randomized study, the bioactive glass mixed with autogenous bone to regenerate intra-osseous defects signifi cantly reduced probing depths, with clinical attachment level gains, and defect resolution as early as 6 months. In animal models, the triad hydroxyapatite (HA), beta-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP), and biphasic calcium phosphate (HA + ß-TCP) has been shown to be biocompatible, bioresorbable, and osteoconductive. A controlled clinical study with (HA + ß-TCP/membrane) showed better vertical and horizontal bone preservation compared to clot / membrane at the 6 month CBCT images. Also, signifi cant vertical bone regeneration with these synthetic materials is enhanced by the use of growth factors. Conclusion: the synthetic bone substitutes are good candidates for regeneration. However, the level of clinical evidence must be substantially increased.

Tratamento de retrações gengivais múltiplas / Treatment of multiple gingival recessions

A retração gengival é o deslocamento da gengiva marginal apicalmente à junção amelocementária, sendo uma queixa frequente na rotina do consultório, pois geralmente apresenta aspecto antiestético e pode contribuir para a hipersensibilidade dentinária e cárie. Miller (1985) propôs a classificação das recessões gengivais em classes I, II, III e IV, em que os melhores prognósticos de recobrimento estão associados às classes I e II. A escolha do procedimento cirúrgico apropriado irá depender de fatores como: altura da recessão, perda óssea interproximal, quantidade e qualidade de gengiva queratinizada, número de dentes envolvidos e largura de tecido interdental. Quando a gengiva é fina, o biotipo delgado associa-se o enxerto de tecido conjuntivo ao retalho posicionado coronalmente. O enxerto de tecido conjuntivo tem por objetivo aumentar a espessura do tecido queratinizado e o prognóstico do recobrimento radicular. Porém, na técnica convencional de retalho posicionado coronalmente pode ocorrer prejuízo de tecido queratinizado interdental. Diante disso, Zucchelli e De Sanctis (2000) propuseram uma técnica alternativa para os casos de recessões múltiplas em que papilas cirúrgicas são criadas através de incisões oblíquas, evitando a perda de tecido queratinizado interdental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso clínico bem-sucedido de tratamento de recessões gengivais múltiplas classe I e II de Miller, utilizando a técnica de Zucchelli e De Sanctis associada a enxerto de tecido conjuntivo, sendo o dente 13 eleito como referência para iniciar as incisões. Após 90 dias, pôde-se perceber o total recobrimento e melhor qualidade do tecido periodontal.

Gingival recession is a displacement of the marginal gingiva apical to the cemento enamel junction and a common complaint in clinical practice, because it usually is unaesthetic and can lead to dentin hypersensitive and caries. Miller (1985) proposed the classification of gingival recession in class I, II, III and IV, and better outcomes are associated to classes I and II. Selection of the appropriate surgical technique will depend on the factors: recession height, interdental bone loss, quantity and quality of keratinized gingiva, number of teeth, and width of interdental tissue. In cases of thin gingiva biotype, connective tissue graft associated with coronally positioned flap is indicated. The use of connective tissue graft aim to increase keratinized tissue thickness and the prognosis of root coverage. Nevertheless, in the traditional technique of coronally positioned flap may occur interdental keratinized tissue loss. Therefore, Zucchelli and De Sanctis (2000) proposed a technique for the treatment of multiple recessions, witch surgical papilla are perfomal through oblique incisions to avoid loss of interdental keratinized tissue. The aim of this paper is report a clinical case of Miller class I and II gingival recession treatment, using Zuchelli e De Sanctis technique associated with connective tissue graft, initial incisions was made as a reference in the upper right canine. After 90 days, complete root coverage and periodontal tissue improvement were visible.

Fatores mecânicos e cirúrgicos relacionados com mudanças do nível da crista óssea alveolar ao redor de implantes dentários: onde estamos? / Mechanical and surgical factors related to changes in the level of the alveolar crest around dental implants: where are we?

A manutenção de níveis estáveis do osso marginal e a verdadeira razão para a perda óssea peri-implantar permanecem altamente controversas. A remodelação óssea inicial pode ser influenciada pelo trauma cirúrgico, sobrecarga oclusal, peri-implantite, microgap, procedimentos com ou sem retalho e formação de distância biológica. A utilização de diferentes tipos de plataforma influencia os níveis de reabsorções ósseas peri-implantares, sendo recomendadas distâncias mínimas entre dente/implante e implante/implante para que ocorra preservação do osso adjacente. Tal fator influencia os tecidos moles ao redor dos implantes, interferindo positivamente ou negativamente na estética peri-implantar. Diante disso, foi realizada uma revisão nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs e SciELO, utilizando-se como unitermos de pesquisa os termos “implantes dentários” (dental implants), “processo alveolar” (alveolar process), “processos mecânicos” (mechanical processes) e “procedimentos cirúrgicos operatórios” (operative surgical procedures). Após avaliação sob os critérios de inclusão, selecionou-se 30 artigos, os quais englobaram revisões sistemáticas e metanálises, revisões da literatura, estudos clínicos e pré-clínicos. Apesar da literatura afirmar que uma perda óssea vertical de até 2 mm após a instalação do implante é esperada após a remodelação, esta perda pode ser minimizada controlando os fatores mecânicos e cirúrgicos durante as cirurgias de instalação de implantes.

The maintenance of stable marginal bone levels and the real reason behind the peri-implant bone loss are highly controversial. The early bone remodeling can be influenced by surgical trauma, occlusal overload, peri-implantitis, the microgap at the implant-abutment interface, flap or flapless procedures, and the formation of the biologic width. The use of different platform types influences on peri-implant bone resorption levels, being that minimum distances between tooth/implant and between dental implants are recommended to preserve the adjacent bone tissue. Such factor can influence the peri-implant soft tissues and interfere or not with the final outcomes. To verify this a review was made at the PubMed, Cochrane, SciELO, and Lilacs electronic databases with the terms “dental implants”, “alveolar process”, and “surgical procedures”. After inclusion criteria, 30 articles were selected, involving meta-analyses and systematic reviews, literature reviews, clinical and pre-clinical studies. Although there will be a vertical, 2 mm bone loss after implant placement and remodeling, this loss can be minimized controlling the surgical and mechanical factors on dental implant surgery.